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The model :

wt=αww21+w2γvw vwk+wλw w+A

vt=w21+w2v

At=αAwλA A

 

Phase portrait :

 

Here is projection in the (w,v) plane of the surfaces wt=0 (in  red) and vt=0 (blue) and a trajectory (black). The surface At=0 is a is simple plane :


 

Which is similar to the 2D case :

The same plot but from a different view, the red curve on the red surface is wt,At=0, and the blue vt,At=0.

 

Bifurcation diagram. It seems that the limit cycle (black) in passing trough the fixed point but it doesn't, it's an effect of the projection. At alpha = 0.272 there is an LPC and the limit cycle period diverge to infinity.

Above the Hopf bifurcation the stable fixed point has two imaginary eigenvalue and a real one.

 

 

Then bellow the Hopf bifurcation the two imaginary eigenvalues become unstable :

 


 

The solutions that enter the limit cycle through the one-dimension stable manifold are the one that come from a high value of A (the 2D system has a limit cycle bellow I~=11 and and stable fixed point otherwise). Theses solutions start with low v, so that they are "kicked  out" far in w.

 

Then bellow the branch point there is coexistence of a limit cycle and of a stable fixed point :

 

The limit cycle then disappear through a saddle homoclinic bifurcation (twisted according to Kuznetsov, p.217), here is the limit cycle with large period :

 

 

The limit cycle connects with a unstable fixed point with a two dimensional stable manifold (blue) and a one dimensional unstable one (in red) :

 

 

 

Difference between twisted and simple homoclinic :

 

 

 

Bifurcation diagram. It seems that the limit cycle (black) in passing trough the fixed point but it doesn't, it's an effect of the projection. At alpha = 0.272 there is an LPC and the limit cycle period diverge to infinity.

 

 

 

 

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